Disorders, such as intoxication, that can be induced by using psychoactive substances.

• A. Sleep apnea
• B. shift work
• C. REM sleep
• D. substance induced disorders

Answer: (D)

Disorders that can be induced by psychoactive substances are categorized as substance-induced disorders. This label covers conditions that arise directly from the pharmacological effects of drugs or alcohol, including intoxication, withdrawal, and other mood, psychotic, or cognitive changes tied to a substance. So intoxication is an example of a substance-induced disorder because it results from the acute effects of a psychoactive substance on the brain and body.

Sleep apnea is a sleep-related breathing disorder, not caused by psychoactive substances. Shift work describes a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disturbance due to irregular work hours. REM sleep is a normal stage of sleep, not a disorder.